Lace De' Chef

PARTS OF SPEECH

§     Open Class

Ø Nouns

Ø Verbs

Ø Adjectives

Ø Adverbs

§     Closed Class

Ø Pronouns

Ø Prepositions

Ø Conjunctions

Ø Determiners

Ø Interjection

NOUN

z A word which names a person, place or thing.

z There are generally four classes of nouns.

Class of Noun	Definition	Examples
Common Nouns	Common names shared by everything of the same kind	Sons, bird, villages, horses, country
Proper Nouns	Names of particular people, animals, places or things (countries, cities, towns, villages, rivers, ships, streets, mountains, months, days, festivals & names of institutions)	Anita, Johannesburg, Asian Tourism International College, Christmas, etc
Collective Nouns	Refer to a group of things that are regarded as one, collection of persons, places, activities & concepts	Congregation, jury, team, staff, audience, herd
Abstract Nouns	Denote a quality, a feeling, an action or a state of mind             (things which are intangible & cannot be counted)	Efficiency, admiration, beauty, honesty, respect

z Most of nouns are common nouns and do not begin with a capital letter.

z Proper nouns are nouns which begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific or particular person place or thing.

F If you see the word beginning with a capital letter in the middle of a sentence, it is probably a proper noun.

F Mexico, John F. Kennedy, Atlantic Ocean, February, Monday, New York City, Susan, Maple Street, Burger King

z Many nouns have a special plural form if there is more than one.

œ For example,

œ We say one book but two books. Plurals are usually formed by adding an –s (books) or –es (boxes)

œ Some plurals are formed in different ways

œ (child-children, person-people, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep)

PRONOUN

ü Definition: A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun.

ü Examples: I, it, you, he, she, we, him, them, whom, someone, everyone, none, anybody, that

ü 1^st Person Singular: I, you

ü 1^st Person Plural: You, we

ü 3^rd Person Singular: He, she, it (Present tense & verb have to change)

ü Examples:

·        3^rd Person Singular: He goes to school. (verb: goes-went)

·        1^st Person Singular: I go to school. (verb: go)

VERB

Þ   A word which shows action or state of being

Þ   Every sentence must have a verb

Þ   Action verbs (transitive and intransitive)

Þ   Non-actions verbs (be verbs and linking verbs)

Þ   Action:

*       I write the essay. (wrote)

Þ   State of Being

*       She is a beautiful girl. (be verb: is, am, are, was, were)

Þ   Examples:

*       The dog bite the man. (bite is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence.)

*       The man sitting on a chair. (even though the action doesn’t show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence.)

*       She is a smart girl. (there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is and the word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb.)

ACTION VERBS

v An action verb expresses that someone or something does (examples: run, talk, eat, write, work, give)

v Examples:

v His mother sings him a lullaby.

v She hugs him tightly and kisses his cheeks. (tightly-adverb)

v The baby looks at his mother.

v He laughs and gurgles contentedly. (contentedly-adverb)

v His mother gazes at him adoringly. (adoringly-adverb)

v It can be written in several forms:

Carry	Carried	To carry	Will have carried
Carries	Was carrying	May carry	Must have carried
Am carrying	Were carrying	Should carry	Should have carried
Is carrying	Has carried	Can carry	Had been carrying
Are carrying	Have carried	Must carry	Had carried
	Shall carry	Will carry

v Transitive Verbs

·        A transitive verb (V) requires an object (O), and the object comes after the verb.

My mother built(V) a tree-house(O) in the garden.

Adam often buys(V) presents(O) for his family.

The players blamed(V) the coach(O) for their defeat.

v Intransitive Verbs

·        A transitive verb does not require an object. A sentence with an IV is complete without an object.

The beautiful actress smiled(V).

Terri sleeps(V) like a log.

Diamonds gleam(V) and sparkle(V).

v Non Action Verbs ‘To Be’ / Be –am, is, are, was, were been, being

Subject	Present	Past	Perfect (Past Participle)	Progressive (Present participle)
I	Am	Was	Have been	Am being
We	Are	Were	Have been	Are being
You	Are	Were	Have been	Are being
They	Are	Were	Have been	Are being
He	Is	Was	Has been	Is being
She	Is	Was	Has been	Is being
It	Is	Was	Has been	Is being

v Non Action Verbs ‘To be’ / Be –am, is, are, was, were been, being

·        Usually comes immediately after the subject in statements. It takes a different form after different subjects.

I am	confident	I was	tired
He		He
She is	Exhausted	She
It		It
We		We were	shy
They are	Intelligent	They
You		You

v Linking Verbs

·        Used to link the subject of a sentence with a complement.

Expressing feeling & thought		Expressing Possession	Expressing sensory perception
Appear	Seem	Own	Feel
Believe	Need	Owe	Hear
Know	mean	Have	Look
Understand	Hate	Posses	See
Like	Prefer	Belong	Smell
Love	Dislike		Taste
Recognise	remember

·        Verbs change their form

ü Sometimes endings are added (learn-learned)

ü Sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught)

ü The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as:

a.     Tense (past, present, future)

b.     Person (first person, second person, third person)

c.      Number (singular, plural)

d.     Voice (active, passive)

AN ADJECTIVE

z Modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying or quantifying words.

z An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

z Examples:

F The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.

F Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.

F The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.

F The coal mines are dark and dank.

F Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.

F A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.

F The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.

z Adjectives

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Determiner	Observation	Physical Description				Origin	Material	Qualifier	Noun
		Size	Shape	Age	Colour
A	Beautiful			Old		Italian		Touring	Car
An	Expensive			antique			Silver		Mirror
Four	Gorgeous		Long-stemmed		Red		Silk		Roses
Her			Short		Black				Hair
Our		Big		Old		English			Sheepdog
Those			Square				Wooden	Hat	Boxes
That	Dilapidated	Little						Hunting	Cabin
Several		enormous		young		American		Basketball	Players
Some	delicious					Thai			Food

z Examples:

*       An expensive small new black pencil case.

*       A pretty slim young lady washing car.

*       Some delicious white Japanese food.

*       An expensive small round new gold watch.

*       Her beautiful long new pink dress.

*       That cute little boy crying.

AN ADVERB

œ Can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase or a clause.

œ An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause or degree and answer questions such as “how”, “when”, “where”, “how much”.

œ Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.

œ Examples:

§  The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes. ( In this sentence, the adverb “quickly” modifies the verb “made” and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed.)

§  The midwives waited patiently through a long labour. ( Similarly in this sentence, the adverb “patiently” modifies the verb “waited” and describes the manner in which the midwives waited.)

§  The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel. ( In this sentence the adverb “boldly” modifies the adjectives “spken”.)

PREPOSITION

ü Connects a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence

ü A preposition is a word that shows the relation between two or more things. Some prepositions are to, at, by, on, in into ... Prepositions are positional words.

ü Examples:

Ø The book is on the table.

Ø The book is beneath the table.

Ø The book is leaning against the table.

Ø The book is over the table.

Ø She read the book during class.

INTERJECTION

v Shows strong emotions

v Interjections are really followed by exclamation marks

v An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion. Interjections can be followed by a comma or an exclamation point.

v Examples:

F Wow! I never knew that.

F Oh, I didn’t do that?

CONJUNCTIONS

§     A conjunction is a word that join words, groups of words or complete sentences of equal value.

§     Examples:

                                i.            Lucy and Ed left the door open.

                              ii.            He is going to school, but I am going to work.

                            iii.            He is going to school; however, I am going to work.

§     Subordinating conjunctions are words that make one group of words (dependent clause) dependent upon another group of words (independent clause). The group of words beginning with a subordinating conjunction would be a sentence fragment by itself.

§     Examples:

                                i.            When I came in, he left. ( Fragment: When I came in.)

                              ii.            He left because he was late. ( Fragment: because he was late.)

§     Conjunctions examples:

§  FANBOYS

F	A	N	B	O	Y	S
For	And	Nor	But	Or	Yet	So