PARTS OF SPEECH
§ Open Class
Ø Nouns
Ø Verbs
Ø Adjectives
Ø Adverbs
§ Closed Class
Ø Pronouns
Ø Prepositions
Ø Conjunctions
Ø Determiners
Ø Interjection
NOUN
z A word which names a person, place or thing.
z There are generally four classes of nouns.
Class of Noun | Definition | Examples |
Common Nouns | Common names shared by everything of the same kind | Sons, bird, villages, horses, country |
Proper Nouns | Names of particular people, animals, places or things (countries, cities, towns, villages, rivers, ships, streets, mountains, months, days, festivals & names of institutions) | Anita, Johannesburg, Asian Tourism International College, Christmas, etc |
Collective Nouns | Refer to a group of things that are regarded as one, collection of persons, places, activities & concepts | Congregation, jury, team, staff, audience, herd |
Abstract Nouns | Denote a quality, a feeling, an action or a state of mind (things which are intangible & cannot be counted) | Efficiency, admiration, beauty, honesty, respect |
z Most of nouns are common nouns and do not begin with a capital letter.
z Proper nouns are nouns which begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific or particular person place or thing.
F If you see the word beginning with a capital letter in the middle of a sentence, it is probably a proper noun.
F Mexico, John F. Kennedy, Atlantic Ocean, February, Monday, New York City, Susan, Maple Street, Burger King
z Many nouns have a special plural form if there is more than one.
œ For example,
œ We say one book but two books. Plurals are usually formed by adding an –s (books) or –es (boxes)
œ Some plurals are formed in different ways
œ (child-children, person-people, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep)
PRONOUN
ü Definition: A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun.
ü Examples: I, it, you, he, she, we, him, them, whom, someone, everyone, none, anybody, that
ü 1st Person Singular: I, you
ü 1st Person Plural: You, we
ü 3rd Person Singular: He, she, it (Present tense & verb have to change)
ü Examples:
· 3rd Person Singular: He goes to school. (verb: goes-went)
· 1st Person Singular: I go to school. (verb: go)
VERB
Þ A word which shows action or state of being
Þ Every sentence must have a verb
Þ Action verbs (transitive and intransitive)
Þ Non-actions verbs (be verbs and linking verbs)
Þ Action:
* I write the essay. (wrote)
Þ State of Being
* She is a beautiful girl. (be verb: is, am, are, was, were)
Þ Examples:
* The dog bite the man. (bite is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence.)
* The man sitting on a chair. (even though the action doesn’t show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence.)
* She is a smart girl. (there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is and the word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb.)
ACTION VERBS
v An action verb expresses that someone or something does (examples: run, talk, eat, write, work, give)
v Examples:
v His mother sings him a lullaby.
v She hugs him tightly and kisses his cheeks. (tightly-adverb)
v The baby looks at his mother.
v He laughs and gurgles contentedly. (contentedly-adverb)
v His mother gazes at him adoringly. (adoringly-adverb)
v It can be written in several forms:
Carry | Carried | To carry | Will have carried |
Carries | Was carrying | May carry | Must have carried |
Am carrying | Were carrying | Should carry | Should have carried |
Is carrying | Has carried | Can carry | Had been carrying |
Are carrying | Have carried | Must carry | Had carried |
Shall carry | Will carry |
v Transitive Verbs
· A transitive verb (V) requires an object (O), and the object comes after the verb.
My mother built(V) a tree-house(O) in the garden. |
Adam often buys(V) presents(O) for his family. |
The players blamed(V) the coach(O) for their defeat. |
v Intransitive Verbs
· A transitive verb does not require an object. A sentence with an IV is complete without an object.
The beautiful actress smiled(V). |
Terri sleeps(V) like a log. |
Diamonds gleam(V) and sparkle(V). |
v Non Action Verbs ‘To Be’ / Be –am, is, are, was, were been, being
Subject | Present | Past | Perfect (Past Participle) | Progressive (Present participle) |
I | Am | Was | Have been | Am being |
We | Are | Were | Have been | Are being |
You | Are | Were | Have been | Are being |
They | Are | Were | Have been | Are being |
He | Is | Was | Has been | Is being |
She | Is | Was | Has been | Is being |
It | Is | Was | Has been | Is being |
v Non Action Verbs ‘To be’ / Be –am, is, are, was, were been, being
· Usually comes immediately after the subject in statements. It takes a different form after different subjects.
I am | confident | I was | tired |
He | He | ||
She is | Exhausted | She | |
It | It | ||
We | We were | shy | |
They are | Intelligent | They | |
You | You |
v Linking Verbs
· Used to link the subject of a sentence with a complement.
Expressing feeling & thought | Expressing Possession | Expressing sensory perception | |
Appear | Seem | Own | Feel |
Believe | Need | Owe | Hear |
Know | mean | Have | Look |
Understand | Hate | Posses | See |
Like | Prefer | Belong | Smell |
Love | Dislike | Taste | |
Recognise | remember |
· Verbs change their form
ü Sometimes endings are added (learn-learned)
ü Sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught)
ü The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as:
a. Tense (past, present, future)
b. Person (first person, second person, third person)
c. Number (singular, plural)
d. Voice (active, passive)
AN ADJECTIVE
z Modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying or quantifying words.
z An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
z Examples:
F The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops.
F Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper.
F The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea.
F The coal mines are dark and dank.
F Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.
F A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.
F The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots.
z Adjectives
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Determiner | Observation | Physical Description | Origin | Material | Qualifier | Noun | |||
Size | Shape | Age | Colour | ||||||
A | Beautiful | Old | Italian | Touring | Car | ||||
An | Expensive | antique | Silver | Mirror | |||||
Four | Gorgeous | Long-stemmed | Red | Silk | Roses | ||||
Her | Short | Black | Hair | ||||||
Our | Big | Old | English | Sheepdog | |||||
Those | Square | Wooden | Hat | Boxes | |||||
That | Dilapidated | Little | Hunting | Cabin | |||||
Several | enormous | young | American | Basketball | Players | ||||
Some | delicious | Thai | Food |
z Examples:
* An expensive small new black pencil case.
* A pretty slim young lady washing car.
* Some delicious white Japanese food.
* An expensive small round new gold watch.
* Her beautiful long new pink dress.
* That cute little boy crying.
AN ADVERB
œ Can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase or a clause.
œ An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause or degree and answer questions such as “how”, “when”, “where”, “how much”.
œ Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.
œ Examples:
§ The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes. ( In this sentence, the adverb “quickly” modifies the verb “made” and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed.)
§ The midwives waited patiently through a long labour. ( Similarly in this sentence, the adverb “patiently” modifies the verb “waited” and describes the manner in which the midwives waited.)
§ The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel. ( In this sentence the adverb “boldly” modifies the adjectives “spken”.)
PREPOSITION
ü Connects a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence
ü A preposition is a word that shows the relation between two or more things. Some prepositions are to, at, by, on, in into ... Prepositions are positional words.
ü Examples:
Ø The book is on the table.
Ø The book is beneath the table.
Ø The book is leaning against the table.
Ø The book is over the table.
Ø She read the book during class.
INTERJECTION
v Shows strong emotions
v Interjections are really followed by exclamation marks
v An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion. Interjections can be followed by a comma or an exclamation point.
v Examples:
F Wow! I never knew that.
F Oh, I didn’t do that?
CONJUNCTIONS
§ A conjunction is a word that join words, groups of words or complete sentences of equal value.
§ Examples:
i. Lucy and Ed left the door open.
ii. He is going to school, but I am going to work.
iii. He is going to school; however, I am going to work.
§ Subordinating conjunctions are words that make one group of words (dependent clause) dependent upon another group of words (independent clause). The group of words beginning with a subordinating conjunction would be a sentence fragment by itself.
§ Examples:
i. When I came in, he left. ( Fragment: When I came in.)
ii. He left because he was late. ( Fragment: because he was late.)
§ Conjunctions examples:
§ FANBOYS
F | A | N | B | O | Y | S |
For | And | Nor | But | Or | Yet | So |
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